{"id":23786,"date":"2026-04-01T12:05:00","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T09:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/kaitsemaastik\/"},"modified":"2026-04-07T12:44:59","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T09:44:59","slug":"landscape-of-defence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/en\/landscape-of-defence\/","title":{"rendered":"Landscape of Defence"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:11px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The concept of borders, especially land borders, is unfamiliar to generations of Europeans. In 20<sup>th<\/sup>-century Western Europe, every citizen had the right to travel abroad. The creation of the Schengen Area in 1995 further facilitated the free movement of people within an expanding territory of the European Union. Moreover, the only reason for fortifying and guarding Europe\u2019s external borders was to combat illegal immigration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the Baltic states, people have a more complex relationship with borders. During the Soviet occupation, the border was designed to deter the citizens of USSR from escaping rather than to prevent anyone from entering the country. This is a very different form of restriction\u2014prison-like confinement. After the restoration of independence of the Baltic countries in the early 1990s, movement across European borders became permissible, but queuing for passport control at land crossings or at the airport was an inevitable part of the travel experience\u2014it took years before Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania became incorporated into the Schengen Area in 2007. The border with Russia and Belarus was no different, except that one needed, and still needs, a visa to travel there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The situation changed drastically with Russia&#8217;s aggression against Ukraine\u2014the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the full-scale military attack in 2022. For the first time since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the external border of Europe acquired a military significance again. Although it is our common European border, its physical reality is confined to a specific territory, part of which lies in the Baltic states. We bear the responsibility and the consequences of protecting Europe from the neighbouring aggressor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Currently, the border between the Baltic states and Russia (as well as Belarus, as an inseparable ally of Russia) is being fortified to deter military attack by land. It has a strong impact on the landscape of the border region. One of the most visible defence structures is the fence. It runs along the Russian and Belarussian border for hundreds of kilometres. Other elements, such as \u2018dragon\u2019s teeth\u2019 and anti-tank \u2018hedgehogs\u2019, are stocked in various places near the border, ready to be deployed at any time, large-scale infrastructure is planned for the regions along the border, and none of this is disappearing any time soon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-Zogs_foto-ElinaKursite_MAJA-119-scaled.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-Zogs_foto-ElinaKursite_MAJA-119-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23644\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-Zogs_foto-ElinaKursite_MAJA-119-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-Zogs_foto-ElinaKursite_MAJA-119-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-Zogs_foto-ElinaKursite_MAJA-119-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-Zogs_foto-ElinaKursite_MAJA-119-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/1-Zogs_foto-ElinaKursite_MAJA-119-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Photo: Elina Kurstie<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The fence is a physical line in the landscape that defines the border by making it visible in a way it has never been before. For a visitor, it is a strikingly clear and frightening demarcation of \u2018us\u2019 versus \u2018them\u2019. For the locals, it can be simply a new view out of the window, but it can also mean that they can no longer visit their relatives or family graves on the other side of it. Some have had parts of their land expropriated to make way for this infrastructure. When asked about their sense of security, people on the border claim they have nothing to fear from Russia anyway, adding that the fence can at best keep back wild animals. Is this their way of dealing with the reality or the effect of Russian propaganda?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:19px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2-Zime_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"682\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2-Zime_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-682x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23645\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2-Zime_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-682x1024.jpg 682w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2-Zime_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2-Zime_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2-Zime_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2-Zime_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/2-Zime_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-scaled.jpg 1706w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Photo: Elina Kurstie<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>All along the border, there is a 2-kilometre-wide strip of land where access is restricted. There are signs on the roads that remind people of the requirement to carry a special permit, but beyond that, the area only exists on the map with no evidence of it in nature: people live there, cultivate their fields, pick mushrooms in the forests, and go about their daily activities. The locals have long-term permits, while others who wish to enter the borderland must apply for permits for a specific area and specific period. Recently, a rotation system was introduced for the border guards\u2014they are transferred to regions further away from their place of origin, and the place of transfer changes periodically. Locals mention that as a result, they are sometimes stopped for document checks on their daily commute, whereas before, they were never checked by the border guards, as they knew each other personally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3-foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-scaled.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3-foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23646\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3-foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3-foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3-foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3-foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/3-foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Photo: Elina Kurstie<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Although the area along the border is not densely populated, some houses are only a few metres away from the fence. Sometimes, their owners inadvertently step into the range of the sensors, triggering an alarm and sending border guards to check the situation. Such incidents are taken very lightly, and in general, people are already used to border guards patrolling their backyards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4-Meitenes_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4-Meitenes_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23647\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4-Meitenes_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4-Meitenes_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4-Meitenes_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4-Meitenes_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/4-Meitenes_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Photo: Elina Kurstie<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Esmeralda, whose family lives in a house on the border, and her friend Gabriela show us the fence during our visit in a late January afternoon. It is already dark, and we have to be careful not to touch any electric shepherd wires or enter the area covered by the border fence&#8217;s sensors. Reflecting on recent geopolitical developments and the infrastructure on the ground, the girls say that the fence instils fear rather than reassurance. They believe that adults should listen more to young people, as the latter have access to the internet and social media. Then the older people would realise that \u2018all these wars nowadays are only caused by politics and money\u2019 and that \u2018they want to involve everyone in the war\u2019. Young people \u2018are not that stupid\u2019 and won\u2019t go to war for that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6-Ezi_foto-Ministry-Of-Defence_MAJA-119-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6-Ezi_foto-Ministry-Of-Defence_MAJA-119-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23648\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6-Ezi_foto-Ministry-Of-Defence_MAJA-119-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6-Ezi_foto-Ministry-Of-Defence_MAJA-119-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6-Ezi_foto-Ministry-Of-Defence_MAJA-119-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6-Ezi_foto-Ministry-Of-Defence_MAJA-119-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/6-Ezi_foto-Ministry-Of-Defence_MAJA-119-2048x1366.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Photo: Latvian Ministry of Defence<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Defensive elements, such as anti-tank &#8216;hedgehogs&#8217; and concrete blocks, are placed in visible locations along the main highways several kilometres from the border. This may reassure passers-by that necessary infrastructure is in place to block traffic at short notice, but it is also a constant reminder of the proximity of war. This seemingly temporary arrangement is designed to deter attack and thus becomes permanent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5-Baznica_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-scaled.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5-Baznica_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23649\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5-Baznica_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5-Baznica_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5-Baznica_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5-Baznica_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/5-Baznica_foto-Elina-Kursite_MAJA-119-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Photo: Elina Kurstie<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The Catholic church in Baltinava, an impressive building for a village of around 400 people two kilometres from the Latvian-Russian border, still bears incredibly rich Christmas decorations when we visit in late January. Although the rest of the country is not particularly religious, for the people of Latgale\u2014Latvia&#8217;s southeastern region\u2014Catholicism is a part of their identity, even more important than ethnicity, nationality, or citizenship. This partly explains why they view national borders and recent geopolitical events from a different perspective than most other Latvians, the perspective of a wider region that includes Russia and Belarus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Militarization of the border and the role of the architects in this process is the topic of the Latvian Pavilion at the 19th International Architecture Exhibition La Biennale di Venezia taking place this spring. The exhibition will examine both the physical conditions at the border and its emotional impact on adjacent residents.<br \/><br \/><\/em><em>The Latvian Pavilion is commissioned by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Latvia.<\/em><br \/><em>Curators: Liene J\u0101kobsone, Ilka Ruby<\/em><br \/><em>Creative team: Architecture studios Sampling and Nomad<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:35px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>LIENE J\u0100KOBSONE <\/strong>is the founding partner of the office Sampling and the director of the Institute of Contemporary Art, Design and Architecture of the Art Academy of Latvia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:35px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>HEADER photo by Latvian Ministry of Defence<br \/>PUBLISHED: MAJA 1-2025 (119) with main topic <strong><span style=\"color: #23dede;\"><a style=\"color: #23dede;\" href=\"https:\/\/ajakirimaja.ee\/en\/1-2025-119-baltic-extra\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BALTIC EXTRA<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Balti riikide ja Venemaa (nagu ka selle lahutamatu liitlase Valgevene) vahelise piiri kindlustamisel on piirialade maastikule suur m\u00f5ju. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":23788,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"generate_page_header":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[98,130,125,96],"tags":[317],"class_list":["post-23786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-linnamaastik-en","category-urbanlandscape","category-mediation","category-motlus-en","tag-1-2025-119-baltic-extra-en","infinite-scroll-item"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Landscape of Defence<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Balti riikide 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